Recommendations for Optimal Utilization and Conservation of Phyllanthus niruri Plant Leaves

1. Historical and Ethnobotanical Significance

1. Historical and Ethnobotanical Significance

Phyllanthus niruri, commonly known as Chanca Piedra or "Stone Breaker," holds a significant place in the ethnobotanical history of various cultures, particularly in the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. This small perennial herb has been revered for its medicinal properties for centuries, with its use documented in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda, Unani, and traditional Chinese medicine.

The plant's historical significance is deeply rooted in folklore and traditional healing practices. It is believed to have originated in the Amazon rainforest and was later introduced to other parts of the world through trade and exploration. The name "Chanca Piedra" itself is indicative of its traditional use; in Spanish, "chanca" means "breaker" and "piedra" means "stone," referring to the plant's purported ability to break down kidney stones.

Ethnobotanical studies have revealed that P. niruri has been used by indigenous communities to treat a wide range of ailments, including but not limited to:

- Urinary tract infections and kidney stones
- Hepatitis and liver disorders
- Gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea and dysentery
- Skin conditions like eczema and dermatitis
- Malaria and other fevers

The plant's leaves, in particular, are rich in bioactive compounds that are believed to contribute to its medicinal properties. Traditional preparation methods include brewing the leaves into a tea, creating a poultice for topical application, or incorporating them into herbal remedies.

The historical and ethnobotanical significance of P. niruri is a testament to the enduring wisdom of traditional medicine. Its widespread use across different cultures and its incorporation into various healing practices highlight the plant's versatility and the deep understanding of its medicinal properties by indigenous communities. As modern science continues to explore and validate these traditional uses, P. niruri's potential as a natural remedy continues to gain recognition and respect in the global healthcare landscape.

2. Botanical Description and Habitat

2. Botanical Description and Habitat

Phyllanthus niruri, commonly known as Chanca Piedra or "Stone Breaker," is a perennial herbaceous plant that belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and parts of Asia, including India. The plant has gained significant attention due to its wide range of medicinal properties and is widely used in traditional medicine.

Botanically, P. niruri is a small, erect, and much-branched plant that can grow up to 30-60 cm in height. It has a slender stem that is often reddish-brown in color and is covered with fine hairs. The leaves of the plant are simple, opposite, and decussate, with each leaf having a distinctive shape that is broadly elliptic to ovate. The leaf blades are usually 1-3 cm long and 0.5-1.5 cm wide, with a pointed tip and a rounded base. The leaves are thin, succulent, and have a glossy green appearance on the upper surface, while the lower surface is paler in color.

The flowers of P. niruri are small, greenish-yellow, and inconspicuous, usually appearing in axillary clusters. They are unisexual, with male and female flowers occurring on separate plants. The fruit of the plant is a small, round, and fleshy drupe that turns red when ripe, containing a single seed.

P. niruri thrives in a variety of habitats, including wetlands, floodplains, and along the banks of rivers and streams. It prefers moist, nutrient-rich soils and can often be found in areas with full to partial sunlight. The plant is also known for its ability to grow in disturbed areas, such as roadsides and agricultural fields.

The distribution of P. niruri is primarily in tropical and subtropical regions, where the climate is warm and humid. It can be found in countries such as Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Mexico, and throughout the Caribbean. In Asia, it has been introduced and naturalized in countries like India, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines.

In summary, the botanical description of P. niruri highlights its unique morphological features, such as its opposite leaves, small flowers, and fleshy fruit. Its habitat preferences and wide distribution in tropical and subtropical regions contribute to its ethnobotanical significance and the diverse range of medicinal applications it has been attributed with.

3. Phytochemical Composition of P

3. Phytochemical Composition of Phyllanthus niruri

Phyllanthus niruri, commonly known as the stonebreaker, chanca piedra, or quebra-pedra, is a plant rich in a diverse array of bioactive compounds that contribute to its wide range of pharmacological properties. The phytochemical composition of P. niruri has been extensively studied, and numerous compounds have been identified and characterized. Here, we delve into the major classes of phytochemicals found in P. niruri and their potential roles in the plant's medicinal properties.

3.1 Alkaloids
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring organic compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. In P. niruri, several alkaloids have been identified, including phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, and nirurin. These alkaloids are believed to contribute to the plant's anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects.

3.2 Lignans
Lignans are a class of chemical compounds that are derived from phenylpropanoid units. P. niruri is known to contain lignans such as phyllanthocins, which are thought to have anti-hepatotoxic and anti-viral properties.

3.3 Flavonoids
Flavonoids are a group of plant secondary metabolites that are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. P. niruri contains various flavonoids, including Quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin, which may contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects.

3.4 Tannins
Tannins are a class of polyphenolic compounds known for their astringent properties. They are present in P. niruri and are believed to contribute to the plant's anti-inflammatory and anti-viral activities.

3.5 Saponins
Saponins are a group of glycosides that produce a soap-like foam when agitated in water. They are found in P. niruri and are known for their potential anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects.

3.6 Terpenoids
Terpenoids, or isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals based on the isoprene unit. P. niruri contains various terpenoids that may contribute to its anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-cancer properties.

3.7 Steroids
Steroidal compounds are also present in P. niruri and are known for their potential anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects.

3.8 Other Compounds
In addition to the major classes of phytochemicals mentioned above, P. niruri also contains other compounds such as phenolic acids, coumarins, and anthraquinones, which may contribute to its overall pharmacological profile.

The complex phytochemical composition of P. niruri is a testament to its rich medicinal properties. The synergistic action of these compounds likely contributes to the plant's therapeutic effects, making it a valuable resource for traditional medicine and modern pharmaceutical research. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms of action of these bioactive compounds and to explore their potential applications in healthcare.

4. Extraction Methods for P

4. Extraction Methods for Phyllanthus niruri Plant Leaves Extract

Phyllanthus niruri, commonly known as the stonebreaker or chanca piedra, is a plant with a rich history of traditional medicinal use. The extraction of bioactive compounds from its leaves is crucial for harnessing its therapeutic potential. Various extraction methods have been developed to obtain the most beneficial components from Phyllanthus niruri leaves, which can be broadly categorized into conventional and modern techniques.

Conventional Extraction Methods:

1. Soaking and Maceration: This is the simplest method where the plant material is soaked in a solvent, such as water or ethanol, for an extended period to allow the diffusion of compounds into the solvent.

2. Decoction: Involves boiling the plant material in water to extract the soluble components. This method is widely used in traditional medicine but may not be suitable for heat-sensitive compounds.

3. Infusion: Similar to decoction but uses a lower temperature and longer steeping time, which can be more suitable for extracting delicate compounds.

Modern Extraction Methods:

1. Cold Pressing: A mechanical method where the plant material is pressed at low temperatures to extract the oils and other compounds without the use of solvents.

2. Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE): Utilizes ultrasonic waves to disrupt plant cell walls, enhancing the extraction efficiency and reducing the extraction time.

3. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE): Employs supercritical fluids, typically carbon dioxide, to extract compounds at high pressures and low temperatures. This method is efficient and environmentally friendly.

4. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE): Uses microwave energy to heat the plant material, accelerating the extraction process and improving the yield of bioactive compounds.

5. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): While not an extraction method per se, HPLC is often used to separate and purify the extracted compounds for further analysis and application.

6. Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE): Involves the use of solid-phase materials to selectively adsorb and concentrate target compounds from the extract.

Factors Influencing Extraction Efficiency:

- Solvent Type: The choice of solvent can significantly impact the extraction efficiency. Polar solvents like water and ethanol are suitable for polar compounds, while non-polar solvents like hexane or chloroform are better for non-polar compounds.
- Temperature: Higher temperatures can increase the extraction rate but may also degrade heat-sensitive compounds.
- Time: Longer extraction times can lead to higher yields but may also result in the degradation of some compounds.
- Particle Size: Finely ground plant material increases the surface area for extraction, enhancing the process.

Optimization of Extraction Methods:

Optimization of extraction methods is essential to maximize the yield and quality of the Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract. This can involve varying the solvent concentration, extraction time, temperature, and particle size to find the optimal conditions for extracting the desired compounds.

Conclusion:

The choice of extraction method for Phyllanthus niruri plant leaves depends on the desired application, the nature of the bioactive compounds, and the resources available. Modern techniques offer advantages in terms of efficiency, yield, and environmental impact, but conventional methods remain relevant, especially in resource-limited settings. Further research is needed to refine extraction techniques and to explore the full range of Phyllanthus niruri's therapeutic potential.

5. Pharmacological Properties and Health Benefits

5. Pharmacological Properties and Health Benefits

Phyllanthus niruri, commonly known as the stone breaker or chanca piedra, has been a staple in traditional medicine for centuries, particularly in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Its pharmacological properties and health benefits have been the subject of extensive research, revealing a wide range of therapeutic applications. This section will delve into the various ways in which P. niruri has been found to impact human health, from its use in treating kidney stones to its potential role in managing diabetes and liver disease.

5.1. Diuretic and Kidney Stone Dissolution

One of the most well-known uses of P. niruri is as a diuretic and for the dissolution of kidney stones. The plant's extract has been shown to increase urine output, which can help flush out small stones from the urinary tract. The diuretic effect is thought to be due to the presence of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin, which are believed to inhibit the reabsorption of water in the renal tubules. Additionally, the plant's anti-inflammatory properties may help reduce the pain associated with kidney stones.

5.2. Hepatoprotective Effects

P. niruri has also been found to have hepatoprotective effects, meaning it can help protect the liver from damage. The plant's extract has been shown to reduce liver enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), which are often elevated in cases of liver damage. This suggests that P. niruri may be useful in the treatment of liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis.

5.3. Antidiabetic Properties

Research has indicated that P. niruri may have potential as an antidiabetic agent. The plant's extract has been shown to lower blood glucose levels in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, possibly due to its ability to stimulate insulin secretion and improve insulin sensitivity. This makes it a promising candidate for further research into natural treatments for diabetes.

5.4. Antiviral and Antimicrobial Activities

P. niruri has demonstrated antiviral and antimicrobial properties in various studies. The plant's extract has been found to inhibit the replication of several viruses, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Additionally, it has shown activity against a range of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting potential applications in the treatment of bacterial infections.

5.5. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Effects

The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of P. niruri have been well-documented. The plant's extract contains compounds that can reduce inflammation and alleviate pain, making it a valuable tool in the treatment of conditions such as arthritis and other inflammatory disorders. This property is also thought to contribute to its effectiveness in treating kidney stones, as mentioned earlier.

5.6. Antioxidant Activity

P. niruri has been found to possess significant antioxidant activity, which can help protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can cause oxidative stress and contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. The antioxidant compounds in P. niruri may help neutralize these harmful molecules, thereby reducing the risk of disease.

5.7. Cardiovascular Benefits

Some studies have suggested that P. niruri may have cardiovascular benefits, such as lowering blood pressure and improving blood circulation. The plant's extract has been shown to relax blood vessels, which can help reduce blood pressure and improve the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues.

5.8. Neuroprotective Effects

P. niruri has also been investigated for its potential neuroprotective effects, particularly in the context of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The plant's extract has been found to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may help protect neurons from damage and slow the progression of these diseases.

5.9. Immunomodulatory Properties

The immunomodulatory properties of P. niruri have been the subject of some research, indicating that the plant may have the ability to modulate the immune system. This could potentially be beneficial in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.

5.10. Conclusion

The pharmacological properties and health benefits of Phyllanthus niruri are vast and varied, with potential applications in the treatment and management of a wide range of conditions. From its well-established use in dissolving kidney stones to its more recently discovered potential in managing diabetes and liver disease, P. niruri is a plant with significant therapeutic potential. As research continues, it is likely that even more health benefits will be uncovered, further cementing the plant's place in the annals of traditional medicine.

6. Clinical Studies and Applications

6. Clinical Studies and Applications

Phyllanthus niruri, commonly known as Chanca Piedra or Stone Breaker, has been the subject of numerous clinical studies aimed at validating its traditional uses and exploring its potential applications in modern medicine. The plant's extract has been studied for its effects on various health conditions, including kidney stones, hepatitis, and other inflammatory and infectious diseases.

6.1 Kidney Stone Treatment
One of the most well-known applications of P. niruri is its use in the treatment of kidney stones. Clinical studies have shown that the plant's extract can help dissolve and prevent the formation of kidney stones by inhibiting the crystallization of calcium oxalate, a common component of these stones. Patients who have undergone treatment with P. niruri extract have reported reduced pain and improved kidney function.

6.2 Hepatitis Treatment
P. niruri has also been studied for its potential in treating hepatitis, particularly hepatitis B and C. Clinical trials have demonstrated that the plant's extract can help reduce viral load and improve liver function in patients with chronic hepatitis. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of P. niruri are believed to contribute to its hepatoprotective effects.

6.3 Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Microbial Applications
The anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties of P. niruri have been explored in various clinical studies. The plant's extract has shown potential in treating conditions such as arthritis, skin infections, and urinary tract infections. Its ability to reduce inflammation and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria makes it a promising candidate for the development of new therapeutic agents.

6.4 Diabetes Management
Some clinical studies have investigated the potential of P. niruri in managing diabetes. The plant's extract has been found to have hypoglycemic effects, which can help lower blood sugar levels in diabetic patients. Additionally, its antioxidant properties may help protect against the oxidative stress associated with diabetes.

6.5 Other Clinical Applications
Beyond the aforementioned applications, P. niruri has been studied for its potential in treating a variety of other health conditions, including malaria, HIV/AIDS, and cancer. While more research is needed to fully understand the plant's therapeutic potential in these areas, the preliminary findings are promising.

6.6 Formulations and Dosages
Clinical studies have explored various formulations and dosages of P. niruri extract for different health conditions. These include oral tablets, capsules, and liquid extracts. The optimal dosage and treatment duration may vary depending on the specific condition being treated and the individual patient's needs.

6.7 Challenges and Limitations
Despite the promising results of clinical studies, there are challenges and limitations associated with the use of P. niruri in clinical settings. These include the need for standardization of the plant's extract, the potential for drug interactions, and the limited availability of high-quality, well-characterized P. niruri products.

In conclusion, the clinical studies and applications of P. niruri demonstrate its potential as a versatile therapeutic agent with a wide range of health benefits. Further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action, optimize its therapeutic use, and address the challenges associated with its clinical application.

7. Safety and Toxicological Considerations

7. Safety and Toxicological Considerations

Phyllanthus niruri, commonly known as the stonebreaker or chanca piedra, has been widely used in traditional medicine for centuries. However, as with any medicinal plant, it is essential to consider its safety and potential toxicological effects. This section will explore the safety profile of P. niruri, including any reported adverse effects, contraindications, and precautions for its use.

7.1 Adverse Effects and Side Effects

While P. niruri is generally considered safe when used appropriately, some individuals may experience adverse effects. Common side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain. Allergic reactions, although rare, can occur in sensitive individuals. It is important to note that these side effects are typically mild and resolve once the use of the plant is discontinued.

7.2 Contraindications

P. niruri should be used with caution in certain populations. Pregnant and breastfeeding women are advised against using the plant due to the lack of safety data and potential risks to the fetus or infant. Additionally, individuals with liver or kidney diseases should exercise caution, as the plant's diuretic effects may exacerbate these conditions.

7.3 Drug Interactions

The use of P. niruri may interact with certain medications, leading to potential adverse effects. For example, the plant's diuretic properties may increase the risk of electrolyte imbalances in individuals taking diuretics or other medications that affect fluid balance. Furthermore, P. niruri may interact with blood thinners, leading to an increased risk of bleeding. It is crucial for individuals taking medications to consult with a healthcare provider before using P. niruri.

7.4 Toxicological Studies

Toxicological studies on P. niruri have been limited, but some research has been conducted to assess its safety. Acute and subchronic toxicity studies have shown that the plant is relatively safe when administered in appropriate doses. However, chronic exposure to high doses may lead to potential toxic effects. Further research is needed to fully understand the toxicological profile of P. niruri and establish safe dosage guidelines.

7.5 Precautions for Use

To minimize the risk of adverse effects, it is essential to follow recommended dosages and guidelines when using P. niruri. Individuals should also be aware of their medical history and consult with a healthcare provider if they have any concerns about the safety of using this plant. Additionally, it is important to ensure that the plant material is sourced from reputable suppliers to avoid contamination or adulteration.

7.6 Regulatory Status

The regulatory status of P. niruri varies by country, with some regions recognizing it as a traditional medicine or dietary supplement. However, in other areas, it may be subject to stricter regulations or not approved for medicinal use. It is essential for users to be aware of the legal status of P. niruri in their region and adhere to local regulations.

In conclusion, while P. niruri has shown promise in various pharmacological properties and health benefits, it is crucial to consider its safety and potential toxicological effects. By following recommended guidelines, being aware of contraindications, and consulting with healthcare providers, individuals can safely incorporate this plant into their health regimen. Further research is needed to fully understand the safety profile of P. niruri and establish standardized guidelines for its use.

8. Future Research and Commercial Potential

8. Future Research and Commercial Potential

The future research and commercial potential of Phyllanthus niruri plant leaves extract is vast, with numerous opportunities for exploration and development. As a plant with a rich history of traditional use and a diverse array of pharmacological properties, P. niruri holds promise for both scientific inquiry and commercial application. Here are some key areas to consider for future research and commercial potential:

### 8.1 Expanding the Understanding of Phytochemicals

While the phytochemical composition of P. niruri has been studied to some extent, there is still much to learn about the specific bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action. Future research should focus on isolating and characterizing these compounds, as well as understanding their synergistic effects when used in combination.

### 8.2 Clinical Trials and Pharmacological Validation

To fully realize the potential of P. niruri, more extensive clinical trials are needed to validate its pharmacological properties. This includes not only the treatment of liver diseases and diabetes but also its potential use in treating other conditions such as cancer, inflammation, and parasitic infections.

### 8.3 Optimization of Extraction Methods

The development of more efficient and sustainable extraction methods for P. niruri is essential for its commercialization. Research should focus on optimizing the yield and quality of the extract, as well as reducing the environmental impact of the extraction process.

### 8.4 Toxicological Studies

As with any medicinal plant, it is crucial to understand the safety profile of P. niruri. Further toxicological studies are needed to establish the safe dosage ranges and identify any potential adverse effects associated with its use.

### 8.5 Formulation and Delivery Systems

The development of innovative formulation and delivery systems for P. niruri extracts can enhance their bioavailability and effectiveness. This includes the creation of tablets, capsules, topical creams, and other forms that can be easily incorporated into daily routines.

### 8.6 Intellectual Property and Standardization

To protect the commercial interests of those involved in the research and development of P. niruri, it is important to establish intellectual property rights and standardization protocols. This will ensure the quality and consistency of P. niruri products and protect consumers from counterfeit or substandard products.

### 8.7 Marketing and Consumer Education

As the demand for natural and herbal remedies continues to grow, there is a need for effective marketing strategies and consumer education about the benefits and proper use of P. niruri. This includes providing accurate information about its pharmacological properties, potential side effects, and contraindications.

### 8.8 Collaboration with Traditional Healers

Collaborating with traditional healers and indigenous communities can provide valuable insights into the traditional uses of P. niruri and help validate its pharmacological properties. This can also contribute to the preservation of traditional knowledge and promote cultural exchange.

### 8.9 Environmental Sustainability

As the demand for P. niruri increases, it is essential to ensure that its cultivation and harvesting practices are environmentally sustainable. This includes promoting the use of organic farming methods, protecting the natural habitats of P. niruri, and ensuring that the plant is not overharvested.

In conclusion, the future research and commercial potential of Phyllanthus niruri plant leaves extract is promising. By focusing on these key areas, scientists, entrepreneurs, and policymakers can work together to unlock the full potential of this remarkable plant and contribute to the advancement of natural medicine and sustainable development.

9. Conclusion and Recommendations

9. Conclusion and Recommendations

In conclusion, the Phyllanthus niruri plant, commonly known as the stone breaker due to its traditional use in dissolving kidney stones, has garnered significant attention for its potential therapeutic applications. The comprehensive analysis of its historical significance, botanical characteristics, phytochemical composition, extraction methods, pharmacological properties, clinical studies, safety profile, and future research directions provides a holistic understanding of this medicinal plant.

Historical and Ethnobotanical Significance: The use of P. niruri spans across various cultures and geographical regions, highlighting its ethnobotanical importance. Its traditional applications in treating a variety of ailments, including kidney stones, liver diseases, and malaria, have been passed down through generations, laying a foundation for modern scientific exploration.

Botanical Description and Habitat: As a perennial herb, P. niruri is characterized by its small stature and distinctive leaves. Its widespread distribution in tropical and subtropical regions allows for easy access and cultivation, making it a readily available resource for research and medicinal purposes.

Phytochemical Composition of P: The rich phytochemical profile of P. niruri, including lignans, flavonoids, and alkaloids, is responsible for its diverse pharmacological activities. These bioactive compounds have been extensively studied for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, among others.

Extraction Methods for P: Various extraction techniques, such as maceration, soxhlet extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction, have been employed to obtain the bioactive compounds from P. niruri. The choice of method is crucial in determining the yield and quality of the extract, which in turn affects the plant's therapeutic efficacy.

Pharmacological Properties and Health Benefits: The pharmacological properties of P. niruri have been extensively studied, revealing its potential in treating a wide range of health conditions. Its diuretic, hepatoprotective, and antimicrobial activities are particularly noteworthy, offering promising avenues for further research and development.

Clinical Studies and Applications: Clinical studies have provided evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of P. niruri. Its use in managing kidney stones, liver diseases, and other health issues has been validated through controlled trials, although more extensive research is needed to establish standardized protocols and dosages.

Safety and Toxicological Considerations: While P. niruri is generally considered safe, its safety profile must be thoroughly evaluated. Toxicological studies are essential to understand the potential side effects and interactions with other medications, ensuring that its use is both safe and effective.

Future Research and Commercial Potential: The future of P. niruri lies in its potential for commercialization and further research. With the increasing interest in natural remedies and the need for alternative treatments, P. niruri could play a significant role in the pharmaceutical industry. However, more research is needed to unlock its full potential and to develop standardized products for the market.

Recommendations:
1. Further Clinical Trials: Conduct more extensive clinical trials to establish the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosages of P. niruri extracts for various health conditions.
2. Standardization of Extracts: Develop standardized methods for the extraction and formulation of P. niruri products to ensure consistency and quality.
3. Toxicological Studies: Perform comprehensive toxicological studies to evaluate the safety profile of P. niruri and its potential side effects.
4. Commercialization: Encourage the development of P. niruri-based products for the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries, with a focus on quality and efficacy.
5. Conservation Efforts: Implement conservation strategies to protect wild populations of P. niruri and promote sustainable cultivation practices.

In summary, the Phyllanthus niruri plant holds great promise as a medicinal resource. With continued research and development, it has the potential to offer natural and effective treatments for a variety of health conditions, contributing to the global pursuit of better health and well-being.