PFAS Contamination in Tap Water: What You Need to Know

The presence of "forever chemicals," scientifically known as per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), in drinking water has raised significant public health concerns in recent years. Linked to cancer, elevated cholesterol, and low birth weights, these synthetic chemicals are widespread, persistent, and resistant to degradation, which makes them particularly dangerous for both the environment and human health.  

PFAS were first introduced in American products in the 1950s for their heat, water, and grease-resistant properties. However, as research has uncovered their long-term health risks, these chemicals have become a focal point in regulatory debates. A recent study revealed that even advanced wastewater treatment processes fail to fully remove PFAS, meaning over 20 million Americans may be exposed to contaminated water supplies.  

“These chemicals don’t break down in the environment, and unfortunately, they accumulate in our bodies as well. They are not really metabolized,” said Robert Laumbach, MD, MPH, an associate professor of Environmental and Occupational Health at Rutgers School of Public Health.  

Currently, it is estimated that 45% of tap water in the United States contains measurable levels of PFAS. Here’s a guide on how to detect and mitigate PFAS exposure in your drinking water.  

How to Test for PFAS Contamination  

In 2024, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) set enforceable limits for six PFAS chemicals. Among them, PFOA and PFOS, the two most commonly used PFAS in the U.S., were capped at 4 parts per trillion, with the regulations expected to take effect in 2027.  

However, in January 2025, former President Donald Trump withdrew from a plan to limit PFAS discharge into wastewater, which may further complicate efforts to protect drinking water sources.  

"It is important to regulate PFAS discharge into rivers and streams, since these 'forever chemicals' eventually find their way into drinking water and food, exacerbating the PFAS public health problem," Dr. Laumbach stressed.  

In the absence of immediate regulatory protections, individuals can assess the PFAS levels in their water. For those on public water systems, contacting local utilities for detailed information about PFAS levels is the first step. If adequate information isn’t available—or if you’re concerned for other reasons—testing becomes essential.  

Kevin Loria, a science reporter who specializes in PFAS and environmental contaminants, advises homeowners with private wells to request tests from state-certified laboratories, as these tests provide more reliable results than DIY home kits. The EPA website offers a comprehensive list of certified labs.  

“You’re going to want to do that, as opposed to a DIY home test, just to make sure that you’re getting accurate results," said Loria.  

How to Remove PFAS from Drinking Water  

If testing confirms elevated PFAS levels, individuals can take steps to reduce contamination in their homes. While PFAS exposure isn’t necessarily an immediate emergency, Dr. Laumbach advises acting swiftly if the water is being used to prepare infant formula.  

Water treatment systems can reduce PFAS contamination, though the cost of these systems varies widely, ranging from $20 to over $1,000, excluding maintenance fees. There are three primary types of water treatment systems designed to target PFAS:  

1. Reverse osmosis systems, which are the most effective.  

2. Granular activated carbon filters, which are accessible and moderately effective.  

3. Ion exchange resins, which are designed for higher contaminant removal.  

It’s critical to ensure filters have certifications such as “NSF/ANSI 53” for carbon filters and “NSF/ANSI 58” for reverse osmosis systems to validate their effectiveness against PFAS.  

While reverse osmosis systems are the gold standard for PFAS removal, carbon filters available in pitchers, faucets, and refrigerator units provide affordable and accessible alternatives for reducing contaminants in drinking water.  

“It’s a simple way of reducing contaminants in your water,” said Loria, emphasizing the practicality of carbon filters for households on a budget.  

Steps Toward Safer Water  

With an estimated 45% of U.S. tap water affected by PFAS contamination, proactive measures are vital to protect public health. Testing drinking water and investing in certified filtration systems can significantly reduce exposure risks. As regulatory policies evolve to address these issues, consumers are encouraged to stay informed and take steps to safeguard their water supply.